Nursing Home Abuse and Neglect

Research has shown that nursing home abuse is prevalent all across the United States. Nursing home abuse and neglect is an issue that continues to haunt the elderly population. One third of the 1,600 nursing homes in the United States have been cited for abuse (Whitaker, 2001). According to Hooyman & Kiyak (2005) neglect is defined as caregiver not providing goods and services necessary to avoid physical harm or mental anguish. According to Pillemer (1988) elderly abuse is synonymous to maltreatment, which is defined as deviance from socially accepted standards (legal or regulatory) for management of the interpersonal process, carried out with the intent to harm the patient. This being said I still feel that it is something in which the general public is unaware. Moreover, what makes this issue even more tragic is that it is something that can be prevented. I feel that stopping the abuse from spreading lies in the hands of the family and friends of the elderly individual. The prevention begins at the first moment a nursing home is researched and visited. I think too often people do not ask the right questions and do not have enough knowledge to identify the signs related to abuse. It may be difficult to spot signs of abuse, however, because people tend to define abuse as different things. Signs are defined as the physical evidence able to be seen by others and symptoms are what the victim reports to others (not observable measures). Unfortunately, staff that are the abusers usually use excuses such as the victim is clumsy or accident prone when accused of being negligent. These same staff members have been found to be angry and rough with the residents on a regular basis (NHARC, 2006). According to Nursing Home Abuse Resource Center (2006) frequent visits to the emergency room coupled with unusual bruises in locations such as chest, abdomen, neck and thighs are hard to find yet still are important signs that the elder is being abused. I believe the best solution to this problem is for communities to make information about all nursing homes known for public consumption. Instead of people having to research many different nursing homes on the internet, or looking up phone numbers and calling each one individually, I believe it would be beneficial for the community to make some sort of brochure with information about all of the nursing homes in the area. This would obviously not give statistics on how many cases of neglect or abuse a said nursing home has had, but I do believe it would be a helping starting point. The brochure should have information such as the statistics of staff to patients, services offered, reviews and comments from past and present residents and families’, and general information about each institution. It would also be beneficial to offer the website information leading to websites which grade nursing homes, giving tips on how to read and understand the information given. The obvious drawback of my plan is that it may be unlikely nursing homes would agree to have this information printed side by side with other nursing homes for comparison. They may also not want their bad news aired for the public to know, so they may not want information pertaining to informational websites posted for people to find out about. I think the benefits of this would be that friends and families’ of people moving into nursing homes would be given ample information to get them started in the right direction. They would be given the opportunity to compare many nursing homes, and also given information showing them how to further research each place to find out more statistics. Some unanticipated consequences of this may simply be the reactions of the community and residents in said nursing homes. The community may think it is a good idea and warm up to it easily, or the community may appalled by the information they find out and cause problems for everyone. I think it is important for everyone to be aware of the problem of nursing home abuse and neglect, but giving people the power to find out such things may cause problems that never would have surfaced if they remained ignorant. Sometimes, knowledge is power; sometimes, it is fuel to the fire

70s Fashion Began Where the 60s Left Off

70s fashion began where the 60s left off. Mini skirts were popular and theflower power influence was everywhere. 60s' trends first adopted by the beautiful people filtered into mainstream wear. Trousers were flared and shirts had big collars. For men, the kipper tie was soon standard wear with a suit. These girls (above) are at a party in the summer of 1970. They show that the mini skirt was far from dead. 70s' fashion took on a multitude of different styles and influences. As well as the hippy style of the late sixties, there was nostalgia for the past. First for the 20s and 30s, then the 40s and 50s and finally the Edwardian era. There was also concern for the environment and strong ethnic influences. Men's fashion adopted a look that would have been considered too feminine a few years earlier. Shirts were tight fitting with big collars and were brightly patterned. There was also a trend towards unisex clothes. The formal suit was still expected to be worn to a dinner party in the 70s; for younger men it was usually only worn in the office or for formal occasions. Jeans, increasingly flared, were popular with men and women for everyday wear. By the end of the decade, change was on the way. Punk rejected everything that had gone before. Mini, midi or maxi The popularity of the mini skirt was challenged in the early 70s and a group of (male) truckers even organised a campaign to bring it back in 1970. However, the mini remained popular in the early years of the 70s, but women now could chose between, mini, midi, (mid-calf length) or maxi (full length) skirts. Hot pants, ultra short shorts, sometimes with a bib and braces, were a variation on the theme. The girl on the above, right, is wearing a pair of navy hot pants with long white socks. Her blouse is in a floral pattern and has a big collar with rounded corners. Longer dresses, inspired by the hippy era of the late sixties, were also in fashion, with paisley or floral patterns being popular. I lived in Portsmouth in 1970/71/72 and was aged 16-18 at that time so had the best of it. Hot pants, mini skirt/dress, long dress and maxi coat, wide brimmed hats, seed bead jewellery and a headband round my head!! I was a true hippy to begin with and went to the Isle of Wight pop festival in 1970. Chris Flares and platform soles Two trends defined the 70s in a fashion sense: flared trousers and platform soles. Flares were derived from the hippy fashion for loon pants of the late 60s. They were worn by men and women. The flare was from the knee and reached exaggerated proportions in the middle years of the 70s. The trousers were often hipsters, sitting on the hips rather than the waist, and tight fitting. The combination of flares and denim made flared jeans the fashion phenomenon of the decade. Platform soles were mainly worn by women and more fashionable men. There were health warnings about damage that could be caused to the back in later life, but the fashion did not last long enough for that to have an effect. There was an element of thirties retro in the style of some of the shoes, which echoed the thirties' love of two-tone or co-respondent black and cream or brown and cream colours. Bright colours also gave the shoes more of a space age look. Platform soles on eBay Nostalgia Nostalgia had a big influence on fashion in the 70s. Barbara Hulanicki's Biba label popularised a look derived from the 20s and 30s. There was a brief fashion for loudly checked tweed Oxford Bags for men and women from around 1972. These were usually worn with platform soled shoes in 30s style two-tone patterns. Biba took over venerable, old London department store, Derry and Toms, in 1973 and turned it into an Art Deco palace. The Biba store became a hip meeting place and a complete lifestyle emporium. The Biba look was a long cotton skirt, worn with a long sleeved shirt or smock, and topped with a floppy brimmed hat. Biba was ahead of its time in providing a complete lifestyle store. However, Biba did not make commercial sense; it was more of a place to hang out than to shop. A large part of the store's floor space was not used to sell merchandise. Big Biba, as the store became known, closed two years later. Laura Ashley, founded by Bernard and Laura Ashley in the 1950s, looked back further when they introduced British women to Edwardian style dresses and nineteenth century inspired floral prints in the mid-70s. Laura Ashley, unlike Biba, was commercially successful and is still going strong today, although sadly Laura Ashley herself met an untimely death in 1985. Formal occasions The 70s were more relaxed than the 60s. However, on formal occasions and in the office men still wore suits. The kipper tie, favoured by the fashionable in the late sixties, became a standard men's accessory. For women, long dresses were often worn for formal occasions. This wedding, left, is from 1970. The lady's floppy hat and long dress drew inspiration from the hippy era as well as nostalgia for the 1930s. The brown colour, also derived from the 1930s, was very popular throughout the 70s. Long hair was fashionable for both men and women. Beards were also popular. This again was a hangover from the flower power years of the late 60s. In many peoples' minds psychedelia was very much in, although the pop music scene had moved on by then. Jeans and the casual look In the more relaxed mood of the 70s, jeans were increasingly popular. Initially little changed from the sixties, but by the mid seventies most people were wearing flares. Printed t-shirts were also increasingly popular in the 70s, as were trainers and canvas shoes. Late 70s fashion By the end of the 70s, flares were still mainstream fashion. This group, left, shows two younger men with long hair. One wears a suede safari jacket with a wide collar and brown, flared trousers. This look was favoured by Brodie and Doyle in the TV series, ‘The Professionals'. The other young man with a short leather jacket and flared blue jeans is more casual and younger looking. The older man has a beard (a very fashionable look in the 70s) and wears a wet-look type anorak. The woman is wearing a suit. Flares, denim, long hair and cheesecloth shirts were the staple of 70s men's fashion throughout most of the decade. Inspired by the hippy movement of the late sixties, this look, echoing the hippy dream of Free Love and optimism, did not fit with the closing years of the 70s, but mainstream fashion was unable to change. 70s Punk fashion Punk came to most people's attention from 1977 onwards through the publicity surrounding the original Punk band, The Sex Pistols. The Sex Pistols' promoter, Malcolm McLaren, together with his partner, designer Vivian Westwood, created the original Punk look. Their shop at 430 Kings Road, originally named ‘Let it Rock', a Ted revival store, was called ‘Sex' at the time the Sex Pistols band appeared. The look was based on a sexual fetish for black leather, mainly for its shock value, combined with ripped t-shirts carrying slogans designed to provoke. McLaren and Westwood changed their shop's name again to ‘Seditionaries: Clothes for Heroes' at the end of 1976. The new name heralded a wholly Punk outlook. The stock featured bondage trousers, bondage dresses and a new t-shirt featuring the Punk message, â€Å"Destroy†. Punk was a rejection of anything that was considered good taste. Ripped and bleached clothes were part of the look, as was spiked hair, dyed in bright colours. Black make up and safety pins as earrings were often worn. For most Punks, quite a few of whom were unemployed, the look could easily be created from modifying second-hand clothes rather than from a trip to the Kings Road. Punk itself lasted into the early 80s. Its importance though, was as a catalyst for change in the fashion world. Punk rejected the flared jeans and cheesecloth shirts which were popular mainstream fashion. It rejected the hippy style and the hippy view of the world. Vintage Punk fashion on eBay Late 70s fashion trends The end of the seventies saw the appearance of a number of youth cults formed formed in the wake of Punk. Amongst those was a revival of the Mod style of the sixties, as well as the Teddy Boy look of the fifties. Mainstream youth fashion also changed dramatically; the 1980 film, ‘Gregory's Girl' illustrates how quickly. One of Gregory's mates, who is a year older, has left school and got a job as a window cleaner. He has saved his money to buy a white jacket with enormous lapels. Gregory's contemporary, Steve, has a white jacket with lapels an inch wide. There was always a particular way to wear a school tie. In 1979 the knot was tied very near the wide end. The 3 inch long tie was tucked into a pullover, to give the impression it was a kipper tie. From 1980, it was folded in half length ways to reduce the width and pressed with an iron so it stayed put. By 1980, school ties were often worn ‘back to front' so that the ‘thin end' was prominent. The fat end was tucked into the school shirt, behind the knot. A bit uncomfortable, but very trendy. Al I was coming into my teens in 1979, but the punk look was still very much for the minority and most kids still had longish hair, shirts with big collars and flared trousers, although the flares were becoming smaller. Locally the mod revival at the end of 1979 killed off this fashion rather than punk. By 1981 seventies fashions and music had become a total joke and almost no one under 50 would be seen dead in flares. Even punk was being classed as old hat and too seventies. Glenn A High fashion was very different at the end of the 70s. Ralph Lauren designed the clothes for the hit Woody Allen film, ‘Annie Hall' in 1977. There was a distinct 80s feel to the outfits worn by Annie (Diane Keaton), who wore crumpled socks, full skirts and layered jackets. Young people dropped flares and wide collars with breath taking speed. Older people were slower to change from the 70s look, but by around 1983, the archetypal 70s style was extinct. 70s fashion reference Fashion of the 70s is another great Taschen 25. It is packed with adverts from the decade. You will find flares, hot pants, platform soles, denim, slacks, microphone hairdos, wide collars and kipper ties. There is also a short introduction to fashion in the 70s. The book is colourful and very entertaining. The adverts are all American ones, but this does not detract much from a great piece of nostalgia.

Speech to the Young, Speech to the Progress-Toward

Bryce Donahue Professor Harsh English 102 16 March 2013 Speech to the Young. Speech to the Progress-Toward The poem â€Å"Speech to the Young, Speech to the Progress- Toward† by Gwendolyn Brooks is about keeping your head up and living each day to the fullest. The poem, given the time period, is most likely aimed towards African American people, but can now be related to anyone who may be having a rough day.Gwendolyn starts off the poem with four specific epithets. Gwendolyn states, â€Å"Say to the down-keepers, the sun-slappers, the self-soilers, the harmony-hushers† (398)†¦ All of these epithets are used to describe negative people or someone who will try and get you down. She is trying to say don’t listen to what people say just go and live your life. Gwendolyn continues with, â€Å"’Even if you are not ready for day it cannot always be night† (398). Related article: Having Children While YoungShe tries to use night as a symbol of unhappiness and says if you are not ready to get over what has happened or whatever is making you feel down, you will have to at some point because the day, or happiness, will have to come at some point. Gwendolyn writes, â€Å"You will be right. For that is the hard home-run† (398). Gwendolyn uses a home-run to describe something that is hard to obtain, meaning that it will not always be easy to be happy, but you have to fight for it.Gwendolyn ends her poem with, â€Å"Live not for battles won. Live not for the-end-of-the-song. Live in the along† (398). In these final three lines Gwendolyn tries to tell people not to be stuck in the past, but do not try to rush through life, instead live in the moment and enjoy life and all the great things life has to offer. Work Cited Pearson. Backpack Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. Fourth ed. New Jersey: Kennedy Gio ia, 2010. Print.

Summary essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Summary - Essay Example In order to convince the public, she used facts, statistics, and name calling to present her arguments. Emma Watson delivered a game-changing and persuasive speech about feminism at the United Nations assembly (â€Å"Emma Watson’s UN speech: has it been effective?†). The much talked about speech was highly admired and went viral in the social media, as well as elicited mixed reactions. She delivered the speech six months after her appointment as the Goodwill Ambassador to the United Nations. She did this in an attempt to promote and push the new United Nation’s HeForShe project. The primary reason for the speech was to discourage stereotyping of women in the society. In addition, Emma’s motive was not only advocate the empowering of women, but also liberate some men in the society. Her sole mission was to encourage both sexes to identify as feminists. This speaker addressed all forms of violence and discrimination faced by women and girls in the society. She argued that not only women, girls and transgender that suffered discrimination, but some men too fell victims to these acts. She invited men to join the conversation of feminists since this issue concerns them as well. Her sole intention was to get a large number of men and boys to commit to joining the gender equality campaign. In addition, according to Hashempour (â€Å"Emma Watson’s UN speech: has it been effective?†), she told the world that in order to achieve gender equality and eliminate harmful and destructive stereotypes the idea of masculinity must change. Moreover, Watson used one of the strategies of propaganda to convince the public of her ideas. She adopted the name-calling to get the attention of her audience and project her ideas as favorable (Class Notes Week 8). She mentioned statesman Edmund Burkes and quoted his condemning words that aimed at

La bodas de Sangre - Blood weeding (federico Lorca) & Blood weeding Essay

La bodas de Sangre - Blood weeding (federico Lorca) & Blood weeding Film (Carlos Saura) - Essay Example In reference to Leonardo as the dark river shows honor and life-death as the connection is fairly clear when the Bride refers to the fatal force of the dark river in contrast to the â€Å"little bit of water. The â€Å"little bit of water symbolizes the Bridegroom from which she hoped for children. Symbolism that in the film, the orange blossoms that the bride wore were fake and waxy which symbolized the fake society in which she lived. In the movie the bride wears the fake orange blossoms to her wedding as it symbolizes her conformity to the society in almost a mocking way.   This goes together with the black dress she wears for the wedding, as if symbolizing her despair and sadness at having to go through with the wedding  when she really loves Leonardo. The lyrics impulse of the play culminates in the film, where the themes of honor and passion are absorbed in the theme of death that which paradoxically is life. The play of double perspective of death that are suggested in the dual manifestation as death is said to be an Old Woman demanding for a crust of bread. In another image Death is said to be white faced and the moon longing for life and seeking in the death of the men is symbolized by a heart, the crest of the fire, and red blood for his cheeks. The ceremony of p reparing the Bride in the church and the festivities preceding the entry of the Bride and Groom in to the bridal chamber. Both lyrics employ the familiar symbol of a flower, branch, and stream and both make visible another thread of symbol that is to become prominent as the themes of pride and passion move toward their ultimate resolution in the theme of death. The symbol of fire is enhanced as it is associated with honor as well passion and death. The horse in the Lullaby is to be identified with Leonardo’s horse and his wounds with the fate of Leonardo is indicated by the action accompanying the song.

Numerical Understanding in Preschool Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Numerical Understanding in Preschool - Essay Example It is not a far-fetched idea that preschool education effects the learning abilities and acumen of children up to the levels of elementary, middle, and even high school (Siegler, 2009). It is supported by scientific research, as will be stipulated later in the paper. However, it is quite understandable why this notion might be correct. Children develop learning habits quite early in their development and tend to carry those habits throughout life (Siegler, 2009). Their understanding of simple mathematical tasks, as an example, as developed in the early years, effects their understanding of complex calculation later on. These simple tasks, which should ideally be developed in preschool, include numeral identification, magnitude comparison, counting, and numeral line estimation (Siegler, 2009). Since the case under discussion focuses on preschools where the majority of the students come from low-income families, another angle which should be discussed is the lack of development of math ematical skills of these children as compared to their counterparts from middle-income families, who develop relatively higher levels of mathematical skills (Siegler, 2009). The reasons for this could be the exposure of children to mathematical tasks, as is often related to the counting of bills, or the hearing of talk related to monetary calculations (Siegler, 2009). The middle-class children, being more exposed to such situations, develop a better numerical sense and understanding as compared to children from low-income families, thereby putting them at an advantage (Siegler, 2009).

Understanding of the Mind and Its Processes Essay

Understanding of the Mind and Its Processes - Essay Example This paper illustrates that our vision is based upon a two-dimensional image despite the fact that it is attempting to perceive a three-dimensional world. As a result, we depend to a great extent upon our imaginations to fill in any missing elements of the visual puzzle we are confronted with, which may be accurate or inaccurate and it is up to other areas of our mind to decipher the truth. Perception, then, is what we first believe we have seen and then becomes adjusted as we begin to process this information through other areas of the mind based on information we remember or understand from previous experience. In addition to what we perceive through our fallible senses, we are also struggling to understand the world around us through what we can pay attention to, which has been proven to be limited, and what we are able to remember, which is limited by what we can imagine and further shaped by our perception of the event. As if this wasn’t enough information to try to juggl e around, how our perceptions are governed by our sensations and our memories and how these interact and combine to reshape our perceptions, there is another element that must be considered in cognitive science regarding what it means to be conscious and where the link is between the biological, material processes of the brain and the immaterial untraceable processes of the mind. Many people have made the connection between the brain and the computer and the mind and the software that runs the computer, but science has demonstrated that these processes are much more complex than the relationship between the newest Dell model and Windows Vista. While we attempt to define what it means to be conscious, we realize that we are only aware of ourselves as conscious because we can compare ourselves to something else – we are like something.

Pandemic Flu plan Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pandemic Flu plan - Case Study Example that has seen heath experts and governments come together to formulate policies and plans on how to curb and mange influenza so as to reduce loss of life through such pandemic. Communities at their local levels have come up with ways to handle influenza so to protect the community members from suffering and deaths. This paper indicates a community plan outlines strategies to curb influenza in Glen Falls in New York. To enhance influenza review in Glen Falls, the plan shall initiate measures to protect community members from attacks and loss of lives as a result of flu. They include; This shall be meant to promote and boost the immunity of villagers through anti viral drugs and vaccine. Parents shall be advised to take their children fro vaccine so as to enable them withstand the effects of influenza. Immunization awareness shall be carried out to educate the people on the need to consider immunization as the possible solution for this challenge. Expectant mothers shall be advised to attend prenatal and antenatal care program in which vaccination and immunization for the unborn baby and the mother shall be done to offer remedy for this problem. To educate the community, seminars and workshops shall be carried out in the community to enlighten the people. Cultural dances and performances where by communal artists shall be used to perform and make skits more so in the evenings which shall bring together members of the community to learn on the need to take on immunization program to remedy influenza. Influenza pandemic requires proper planning that involves partie s of every level such as communities and families and individuals so as to slow and respond so as to recover from this disaster. This is because influenza has been identified to cause loss of life through illness making it a public threat. The plan will involve health care providers in advocating the control of influenza in the community. Hospitals shall print leaflets which shall have the information

Women in combat and the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder and Essay

Women in combat and the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression - Essay Example Women hold important positions in the armed forces including military police, intelligence, as pilots, as physicians, as physiotherapist, for transportation, as mechanics, civil affairs etc. It is really pitiful that their efforts are undermined and are always treated as less victimized when compared with their male counterparts. They perform small but imperative jobs and their contribution cannot be diluted. Even though women are expelled from allocating in straight combat specialties encompassing infantry or armor, but they do endow with varied support as travelling outside military base, working with the combat soldiers, exposure to fire or victimized under any casualty (Hoge, 2007). Research findings reveal that there exist a gender difference if veterans are screened for depression, PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder), pain, obesity etc (Haskell, 2010). Screening of veterans have been performed and it was instituted the prevalence of MST and depression amongst the female veter ans. Results disclose that almost 14% of the female veterans were positive for MST while half of the females (48%) were found to be the sufferers of severe depression, indicating that females are at double risk of depression irrespective of cultural or racial milieu or financial standing.

Rhetorical analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Rhetorical analysis - Essay Example The executive summary provides a brief summary of the content of the report. According to the authors, the aim of the report was to support changes in the nature or state of on-campus restrooms. The report also sought to outline the unsanitary and unkempt nature of the restrooms, and gauge the opinions of the community on the condition of the rooms. The target audience of the business report included faculty heads, students and student leaders, parents, health officials and custodians of the restrooms. Students and student leaders were targeted because they are the main users and beneficiaries of the restroom. They have a responsibility of ensuring that the restrooms are in the best state for accommodation. Parents were targeted because they pay for the restrooms, and their children use the rooms. Therefore, it is important to provide them with information about the nature of the rooms (Kennedy 31). Teachers and custodians were targeted because they have a responsibility of ensuring that the on-campus restrooms are safe and clean for accommodation. The report targeted healthcare officials because of their role in providing safety and health standards. In order to ensure that the report provided the right information, the researchers used online surveys and questionnaires to collect information from faculty heads and students. The aim of the questionnaires was to understand the state of the restrooms, and the opinions of the respondents about the cleanliness of the rooms. The business report used formal and official language to pass information about the state of the restrooms. According to the report, the conditions of the facilities are below standards. In some of the instances, the authors use inflammatory language in order to invoke physical and emotional reactions. For instance, the authors state that the restrooms are â€Å"disgusting† in order to pass emotional messages that people should not be allowed to occupy the rooms. The main strength

Recent scientific discussion has renewed interest in the religious Essay

Recent scientific discussion has renewed interest in the religious aspects of cosmology. What is the anthropic principle and what is its religious significance - Essay Example hropic principle theorizes that the vital requirements for human life, such as the unique properties of water, the Earth’s atmosphere, the Earth’s distance from the Sun, and the solar system’s place in the galaxy, are so specific and perfect to human life that they could not have happened by chance. According to the anthropic principle, these variables had to have been planned this way due to how well aligned they are with the needs of human beings. The religious significance of the anthropic principle is that it suggests the possibility of intelligent design, meaning that the universe was created by a great force who took considerable care to make sure that humans could survive in the universe. To most religious denominations, this great force would be considered God, or another deity. Scientific discussions that have considered the anthropic principle are, by association, presenting the belief that the universe was indeed the result of intelligent design. If this is the case, then the origin of the universe, which is believed to be the result of the Big Bang in the scientific community, could be called into question in favor of a more religious beginning, such as the theory of creation in the Christian-based

Conditioning and Learning Essay Example for Free

Conditioning and Learning Essay Learning, acquiring knowledge or developing the ability to perform new behaviors. It is common to think of learning as something that takes place in school, but much of human learning occurs outside the classroom, and people continue to learn throughout their lives. (Gregory, 1961) Conditioning is the term used to designate the types of human behavioral learning. Since the 1920s, conditioning has been the primary focus of behavior research in humans as well as animals. There are four main types of conditioning: ? Classical Conditioning ?Operant Conditioning ?Multiple-Response Learning ?Insight Learning. Conditioning and Learning 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning, also called associative learning, is based on stimulus-response relationships. A stimulus is an object or situation that elicits a response by one of our sense organs, like how a bright light makes us blink. Associative learning allows us to associate two or more stimuli and change our response to one or more of them as a result of simultaneous experience. (Moore, 2002) According to classical conditioning, learning occurs when a new stimulus begins to elicit behavior similar to the behavior produced by an old stimulus. Studies into classical condition began in the early 1900s by the Russian physiologist Ivan P. Pavlov. (Klein, 1998) Pavlov trained dogs to salivate in response to two stimuli: noise or light, and food or a sour solution. The dogs salivation is automatically elicited by the food and sour solution, so these were called the unconditional stimulus. However, when the noise or light (conditional stimulus) was repeatedly paired with the food or sour solution over an extended period of time, the dogs would eventually salivate at the noise or light alone. This is a prime example of a conditioned response. Unconditional stimuli, such as the food and sour solution, allow the learning to occur, while also serving to reinforce the learning. Without an unconditional stimulus in his experiment, Pavlov could not have taught the dogs to salivate at the presence of the noise or light. Conditioning and Learning 3 Classical conditioning is particularly important in understanding how people learn emotional behavior. For example, when we develop a new fear, we have learned to fear a particular stimulus, which has been combined with another frightening stimulus. Operant Conditioning. Operant conditioning is goal-directed behavior. We learn to perform a particular response as a result of what we know will happen after we respond. (Blackman, 1975) For example, a child may learn to beg for sweets if the begging is usually successful. There is no single stimulus that elicits the begging behavior, but instead it occurs because the child knows that this action may result in receiving treats. Every time the child receives sweets after begging, the behavior is reinforced and the tendency of the child to beg will increase. During the 1930s, American psychologist and behaviorist Burrhus F.Skinner performed several important experiments into operant conditioning. Using what is now termed a Skinner Box, he trained rats to press levers to receive food. A hungry rat would be placed in a box containing a special lever attached to concealed food. At first the hungry rat would wander around the box, investigating its surroundings. Eventually it would accidentally press the lever thereby releasing a food pellet into the box. At first the rat would not show any signs of associating the two events, but over time its exploring behavior becomes less random as it begins to press the lever more Conditioning and Learning 4Â  often. The food pellet reinforced the rats response of pressing the lever, so eventually the rat would spend most of its time just sitting and pressing the lever. This type of learning is based on the idea that if a behavior is rewarded, the behavior will occur more frequently. There are four main types of operant learning: Positive Reinforcement, Negative Reinforcement, Punishment and Omission Training. Observational Learning When we learn skills, we must first learn a sequence of simple movement-patterns. We combine these movement-patterns to form new, more complicated behavioral patterns with stimuli guiding the process. (Domjan, 1995) For example, efficient typing requires us to put together many finger movements, which are guided by the letters or words that we want to type. We must first learn to type each letter, and then learn to put the movements together to type words and then phrases. To investigate this type of learning, psychologists have observed animals learning to run through mazes. An animal first wanders aimlessly through the maze, periodically coming to a choice-point, where it must turn either left or right. Only one choice is correct, but the correct direction cannot be determined until the animal has reached the end of the maze. By running through the maze numerous times, the animal can learn the correct sequence of turns to reach the end. It has been found that the sequences of turns near the Conditioning and Learning 5 Two ends of the maze are learned more easily than the parts near the middle. Similarly, when we try to learn a list of items, we usually find the beginning and the end easier than the middle. Insight Learning Insight refers to learning to solve a problem by understanding the relationships of various parts of the problem. Often insight occurs suddenly, such as when a person struggles with a problem for a period of time and then suddenly understands its solution. Therefore insight learning is solving problems without experience. Instead of learning by trial-and-error, insight learning involves trials occurring mentally. In the early 1900s, Wolfgang Kohler performed insight experiments on chimpanzees. Kohler showed that the chimpanzees sometimes used insight instead of trial-and-error responses to solve problems. When a banana was placed high out of reach, the animals discovered that they could stack boxes on top of each other to reach it. (Schwartz, 1983) They also realized that they could use sticks to knock the banana down. In another experiment, a chimp balanced a stick on end under a bunch of bananas suspended from the ceiling, then quickly climbed the stick to obtain the entire bunch intact and unbruised (a better technique than the researchers themselves had in mind). Kohlers experiments showed that primates can both see and use the relationships involved to reach their goals. Conditioning and Learning 6 CONCLUSION There are many differences and similarities between each of these learning processes. For example, classical conditioning involves only involuntary or reflex responses where as operant conditioning involves both involuntary and voluntary reflexes. These diverse learning processes can be used independently in many different situations. Where classical conditioning may be extremely effective in one situation it might be ineffective in another. For this reason each of these learning processes, classical and operant conditioning and observational and insight learning are each as important and effective as the other. Conditioning and Learning 7 References. Kimble, Gregory: (1961) Conditioning and Learning, New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc. John W Moore: (2002) A Neuroscientists Guide to Classical Conditioning. Stephen B. Klein: (1998) Contemporary Learning Theories: Pavlovian Conditioning and the Status of Traditional Learning Theory, Chap. 5 (Perceptual and Associative Learning). Derek E. Blackman: (1975) Operant Conditioning: Experimental Analysis of Behaviour (Manual of Modern Psychology). Michael Domjan: (1995) The Essentials of Conditioning and Learning. Tighe, Schwartz: (1983) Modern Learning Theory, Psychology of Learning and Behavior 2nd edition.

Telecommunication in the 21st Century

Telecommunication in the 21st Century Telecommunication in the 21st century have improved over the decade by the introduction of better techniques through which signals can be transmitted from a transmitter through a medium to a receiver. These techniques have improved mobile communications, satellite transmissions and helped to improve data security. Some of these techniques are amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), sampling and link analysis (SLA) and PCM. The acronym PCM represents ‘Pulse-code modulation’, which is used for digitizing analogue data, for instance, audio signals. This is carried out by sampling analogue signals at uniform interval and then quantized to a series of symbols in a digital code (e.g. 10001).Its technically a way in which analogue signals are converted to digital form. PCM technique has its advantages; It makes processing of signals cheap since PCM is digital. It helps to filter off frequencies above the highest signal frequency. Pulse-code modulation has been a form used for some compact disc formats, digital video and for digital audio in computers. In PCM, there are series of processed to be followed; Filtering Sampling Quantizing Binary coding Companding Filtering This is a process where frequencies above the highest signal frequency are removed. The reason for this is that if this frequency is not removed, problems would occur when going to the next stage of sampling. Sampling This stage of the PCM is performed through PAM (pulse amplitude modulation).It answer the question of how signals change from one form to another (analogue to digital). It makes use of the original analog signal and uses it for the amplitude modulation of a pulse which has constant amplitude and frequency, this constant frequency is known as the sampling frequency (i.e. the number of samples per second ).The sampling frequency have to be more than the maximum frequency of the analogue signal. To work out the sampling rate, Nyquist theorem is used; â€Å"That in order to be able to reconstruct the original analogue signal, a minimum number of samples had to be taken†.It could be stated as: Fs > 2(BW) Fs = Sampling frequency BW = Bandwidth of original analog voice signal Quantizing and Coding This basically means the converting of each of the analogue sample into a discrete value (in the form of a binary code) that can be given a digital code word. It is done by assigning each sample a certain quantization interval. The instantaneous amplitude is been rounded off to certain levels, this thereby introduces some uncertainties (quantization noise).This is given by this expression; Number of levels = 2 ^ Bn (Bn is the number of bits used in the encoding) It was proven from the experiment that the higher the number of quantization levels the lesser the amount of quantizing noise. However this process of increasing the quantizing level to lower the quantizing noise introduces complexity into the system as the PCM system would need to be able to handle more code word. Companding It is a word derived from the combination of compressing and expanding. This is another stage in pulse–code modulation. It is a process of compressing a given analogue signal and this signal is expanded to its original size on getting to destination. In this process, the input signal is compressed into logarithmic segments and then quantized and coded. The more the signals increase the more the compression increases. Since the larger signals are compressed more than the smaller signals, the quantization noise increases. This indirectly keeps the SNR (signal to noise ratio) constant. EXPRERIMENTATION AND OBSERVATION Apparatus Oscilloscope PCM ENCODER module Connection cable The experiment was carried out by sending an input (analogue message) into the PCM ENCODER module. This input is constrained to a defined bandwidth and amplitude range in order to make sure the Nyquist criterion is observed. The PCM ENCODER module looks like the diagram below: A suitable encoding scheme for the analogue sample is selected. For example a 4-bit or 7-bit encoding scheme. The analogue signal is fed through the Vin. For this experiment, the clock rate us 8.33 kHz TTL signal from MASTER SIGNAL module. Time frame is also very essential as each binary word is located in a time frame. It’s 8 clock periods long and has 8 slots of equal length (i.e. 0 – 7). The LSB (consisting of 1’s and 0’s) are embedded in the encoder itself. This is useful in determining the location of each frame in the data stream. Initially the 4-bit linear coding scheme is selected and patched up with the 8.33 kHz TTL sample clock.CH-2A displays the clock signal on the oscilloscope. The display below shows a 4-bit PCM output for zero amplitude input; Quantization in PCM ENCODING is the next stage after sampling. The quantization level is rather transmitted instead of the sample value. The quantization levels are binary coded (i.e. binary ‘1’ in the presence of a pulse and binary ‘0’ in the absence of a pulse) RESULTS AND OBSERVATION The output of the variable DC is connected to Vin and sweeping the DC voltage slowly forward and backward shows discrete jumps in the data pattern, e.g. The maximum voltage is recorded as -2.51V.Also increasing the amplitude of the DC input signal looks like the diagram below; Changing the DC voltage from the maximum to minimum gave a range of binary code variations as listed below; The following measurements were later made after recording the quantizing levels and associated binary numbers; Sampling rate – 16.6 kHz Frame width – 950 µs Width of a data bit 120 µs Width of a data word 480 µs Number of quantizing level – 16 From the measurement above it could be concluded that the quantizing levels are linearly spaced .The same process would be applicable to a 7-bit linear encoding using the toggle switch on the front panel, though it would take longer than the 4-bit linear encoding done earlier. The Companding stage in a PCM is the process by which an analogue signal is been compressed at the source and then expanded back to its original size when it gets to its destination. During this process, the signal is compressed into segments which are quantized using uniform quantization. As the sample signal increases, the compression increases (i.e. the larger samples gets more compressed than the smaller samples). The standard of companding used in this experiment is the A-law .The equation is; Where A = 87.7 in Europe and X is the normalized integer to be compressed. RESULTS AND OBSERVATION The toggle switch is changed back to a 4-bit companding and the TIMs A4 companding law pre-selected is selected from the switch board. This gave the measurement below; In PCM decoding, the TIMs PCM DECODER module is used for decoding. This is the first operation in the receiver towards regenerating the received pulses. Amplitude of the pulse generated is the linear sum of all pulses in the coded word. In other to be able to recover the information on the PCM decoder, the knowledge of the sampling rate used to encode the signal is essential. RESULTS AND OBSERVATION The setup is similar to the earlier setup with CH-1A connected to the scope selector to the PCM output of the PCM ENCODER.A large negative DC is used for the message, the alternating ‘0’ and ‘1’ bits produced are measured to be 1920ms apart. The 4-bit linear decoding scheme is now selected to carry out the decoding process. The 8.33 kHz TTL signal is stolen from the transmitter and connected to the clock input. Time division multiplexing (TDM) is an alternative to the method of multiplexing using frequency sharing. Each channel is allocated a specific time slots, and each slots contain frames which must be repeated at the sampling rate. It can only be used for pulsed signals and not for analogue signals because they are continuous in time. The importance of TDM is that it enables many independent signals to be transmitted. RESULTS AND OBSERVATION A PCM TDM signal could be generated using PCM ENCODER; each driven by the same clock ( one the MASTER and the other SLAVE).Interconnecting in this way eliminates other frames and gives room for the two output to be added together to form the TDM signal. The display on the oscilloscope is shown below; The connection of the MASTER and the SLAVE generates the diagram below; Patching up the two PCM data outputs generates the display below; The next step which is shown below is to confirm that the frame synchronization bit is a ‘1’ for the MASTER and ‘0’ for the SLAVE The last stage of this experiment is to separate the two messages that have been multiplexed earlier. The PCM demodulator is patched up, with each module receiving the same clock stolen from the transmitter and each module also receives an external FS signal. The diagram below confirms the two messages have been recovered and appear at the correct outputs; CONCLUSION Pulse Code Modulation is however a very effective way of conveying audio signal by sampling the signal and transmitting binary coded pulse representing the sample values. It has emerged the most favored modulating scheme for transmitting analogue information such as voice and video signals. The advantages of PCM over the other forms of modulation (e.g. analogue modulation) are; PCM suppresses wideband noise. It is effective in the regeneration of the coded signal along the transmission path. It enables digital multiplexing. It enables the efficient exchange of increased channel bandwidth for improved signal-to-noise ratio. All these advantages however come at the expense of increased system complexity and increases channel bandwidth. REFERENCES http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/P/PCM.html [last accessed 25/03/08] http://cbdd.wsu.edu/kewlcontent/cdoutput/TR502/page13.htm [last accessed 25/03/08] http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/788/signalling/waveform_coding.pdf [last accessed 25/03/08] http://www.comlab.hut.fi/opetus/245/2004/09_PCM.ppt#20 [last accessed 25/03/08] Rodger E.Ziener and William H.Tranter, â€Å"Principles of Communication†, Chapter 3, John Wiley and sons, NY, 2002. Simon Haykin, â€Å"Communication Systems†, Chapter 3, John Wiley and sons, NY, 2001. David Petersen, â€Å"Audio, Video and Data Telecommunications†, Chapter 2, McGraw-Hill, Cambridge, 1992.

Vitamin C Determination By Iodine Titration Biology Essay

Vitamin C Determination By Iodine Titration Biology Essay Vitamin C is also known as ascorbic acid, it is an antioxidant that is essential for human nutrition. Antioxidants help to reduce the damage to the body caused by toxic chemicals and pollutants. Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin meaning that it dissolves in water, it is essential for growth and repair of all body tissues. Collagen is an important protein that is used to make skin, scar tissue, tendons, ligaments and blood vessels. Vitamin C is essential to form this and is also required to cure wounds, repair and maintain cartilage, bones and teeth. The body does not store vitamin C and cannot make it by itself, therefore it is important for lots of vitamin C-containing foods to be included in the diet. Excellent sources of vitamin C are: green peppers, citrus fruits, strawberries, broccoli, papaya, watermelon and cauliflower. Vitamin C deficiency can lead to many problems in the body including: dry and splitting hair, bleeding gums, easy bruising, anemia and nosebleeds with one o f the most serious being scurvy. Eating a balanced diet is the best way to get the daily requirements of vitamin C and other essential vitamins. The Food and Nutrition Board at the Institute of Medicine recommends the following amounts of vitamin C: Infants and Children 0 6 months: 40 milligrams/day (mg/day) 7 12 months: 50 mg/day 1 3 years: 15 mg/day 4 8 years: 25 mg/day 9 13 years: 45 mg/day Adolescents Girls 14 18 years: 65 mg/day Boys 14 18 years: 75 mg/day Adults Men age 19 and older: 90 mg/day Women age 19 year and older: 75 mg/day One way to establish the amount of vitamin C in food is to use a redox titration. The redox reaction is better than an acid-base titration since there are additional acids in a juice, but few of them interfere with the oxidation of ascorbic acid by iodine. Iodine is relatively insoluble, but this can be improved by complexing the iodine with iodide to form triiodide: I2 + I- I3- Triiodide oxidizes vitamin C to form dehydroascorbic acid: C6H8O6 + I3- + H2O > C6H6O6 + 3I- + 2H+ As long as vitamin C is present in the solution, the triiodide is converted to the iodide ion very quickly. However, when the all the vitamin C is oxidized, iodine and triiodide will be present, which react with starch to form a blue-black complex. The blue-black colour is the endpoint of the titration. Vitamin C Ascorbic Acid Method The 1% starch solution, iodine solution and vitamin C solution were made up by the technicians. The solutions were standardised before the unknown samples were titrated using the following method: 25.00 ml of vitamin C standard solution was added to a 125ml Erlenmeyer flask 10 drops of 1% starch solution were added to the flask The burette was rinsed with a small volume of the iodine solution and then filled, the initial volume was recorded. The solution was titrated until the end point was reached The final volume of the iodine solution was recorded The titration was completed twice more. Samples of red pepper juice, apple juice and vinegar were then titrated in the same way. This is an example of a titration: Results Sample Your Hypothesis: high medium or low Vitamin C content? Titration 1 Titration 2 Titration 3 Calculated Vitamin C content (g/l) Your result versus the Hypothesis Red Pepper Juice High Vitamin C content 16.0 17.0 18.0 28.5 Correct Apple Juice Medium Vitamin C content 4.0 4.0 4.0 6.8 Correct Vinegar Low Vitamin C content 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.67 Correct Analysis The ml of titrant used for each flask is calculated using: Average volume = total volume number of trials The amount of vitamin C in the samples are calculated using: V itamin C titrant = Titrant used in Sample Standard of Vitamin C unknown Red Pepper Juice   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Titrant  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  =     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Used Sample  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Standard of Vitamin C  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Unknown Vitamin C   Ã‚  Ã‚   14.9ml  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  =  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   17      0.025g/ml  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   P 596 = 17.0   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   P P= 17.0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   P= 0.0285g/ml   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   596 Litres = 0.0285 x 1000   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   = 28.5g/litre Apple Juice   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Titrant  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  =     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Used Sample  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Standard of Vitamin C  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Unknown Vitamin C   Ã‚  Ã‚   14.9ml  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  =  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4.0  Ã‚      0.025g/ml  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A 596 = 4.0   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A A= 4.0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A= 0.0067 g/ml   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   596 Litres = 0.0067 x 1000   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   = 6.8g/litre Vinegar   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Titrant  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  =     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Used Sample  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Standard of Vitamin C  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Unknown Vitamin C   Ã‚  Ã‚   14.9ml  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  =  Ã‚  Ã‚     0.4  Ã‚      0.025g/ml  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   G 596 = 0.4   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   G G= 0.4   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   G= 0.00067g/ml   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   596 Litres = 0.00067 x 1000   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   = 0.67g/litre Discussion One of the main problems when completing this experiment is that the concentration of solution was unknown as it was prepared by the technician, the concentration was too high so had to be diluted. The hypothesis was correct in that the red pepper juice had the highest vitamin C content, vinegar the lowest and apple juice medium. Many safety procedures were carried out during the experiment; safety glasses, gloves and goggles were worn, all bags and jackets were in the lockers and chairs were tucked under the desk. There was a good experience with the number of people in the group as it gave everyone a chance to be involved with the experiment. A reading was taken at the first point when the colour started to change and it could be seen easily when it was complete as the change happened gradually. Two examples of other food that are rich in vitamin C that were not tested are tomatoes and raspberries. Iron increases the absorption of vitamin C in the human body, iron is important as i t is used by the body in the production of red blood cells, it is specifically used in the production of hemoglobin which is the main protein in red blood cells. Polyphenol oxidase, also known as tyrosinase, is an enzyme contained in fruits and vegetables such as apples, pears, potatoes, and other starchy foods. When oxygen comes in to contact with the enzyme it causes the fruit to turn brown. Vitamin C has many functions in the body, it is essential for growth and repair of all body tissues. Collagen is an important protein that is used to make skin, scar tissue, tendons, ligaments and blood vessels. Vitamin C is essential to form this and is also required to cure wounds, repair and maintain cartilage, bones and teeth. Anti-oxidant vitamins are Vitamins that help the body in cleansing itself from waste and radical free agents, Free radicals are atoms or groups of atoms with an (unpaired) number of electrons and can be formed when oxygen interacts with certain molecules. As well as vitamin C, vitamins A and E are also antioxidants. Vitamin A helps form and maintain healthy teeth, skeletal and soft tissue, mucous membranes, and skin. It is also known as retinol because it produces the pigments in the retina of the eye. Vitamin E is important in the formation of red blood cells and can help the body to use vitamin K. Selenium is an essential trace mineral that works strongly with vitamin E to provide the body with powerful antioxidant protection from the free radicals that may add to the development of cancer, heart disease, and arthritis. Selenium protects the body from free radical damage in two ways: It is included into proteins to make selenoproteins, which are important antioxidant enzymes, and it helps the body manufacture its own natural antioxidant, glutathione. Conclusion In conclusion, the experiment worked well as the amount of vitamin C in the samples was established and the results were accurate and as expected.

Public Schools: We Have the Right to Pray Essay -- Religion in Public

Public Schools: We Have the Right to Pray Prayer in public schools has been a controversial issue in our country for a very long time.   According to the First Amendment, the government shall not establish any official religion. Therefore, as long as the government doesn't make it mandatory for the students to pray, they should be allowed to at least have that choice. One minute set aside for a student to either have a moment of silence or to have their own prayer isn't hurting anyone, as long as students are not forced to pray. By taking away that right, it is violating their rights as American citizens and their right to have freedom of religion. In 1962, The Supreme Court ruled that school prayer violates the constitution. Many believe a new amendment needs to allow voluntary school prayer. For example, the Christian Coalition was sponsoring a bill called The House Joint Resolution 78 or The Religious Freedom Amendment. This bill will not allow the government to establish a religion, but it does give people the right to pray and recognize their own religious beliefs and traditions on public property, which does include schools. William J. Murry, the head of the Religious Freedom Coalition, held a family rally for those in favor of this bill. A petition was signed of almost one million signatures on it. The bill ended up making it to the House of Representatives. While it gained the majority of the votes, it failed to gain the 2/3 vote to amend the Constitution. They are still working on "restoring voluntary school prayer and having a safeguard for religious freedoms." Colby May, the director of government affairs for the American Center for Law and Justice, says that a change needs to be made. Those who oppose him arg... ...rayer need to be reintroduced   in the school system. Perhaps this is a way to get kids back on track since the current downfall of good behavior in schools. Our country believes in the "freedom of religion" but by taking away the right to pray, it takes away from that "freedom" many so desperately need. Works Cited "House Panel Approves Constitutional Amendment Allowing School Prayer." Your School and the Law 14 Nov. 1997. "School Prayer Bill Attracts Support." Your School and the Law 11 April. 2007. "School Prayer After Santa Fe?; Public Schools Caught Between Students, Parents and Court." Texas Lawyer 7 Aug. 2004:   Pg 25. "Key Cases on School Prayer" Managing School Business 23 April 2006. Office of Congressman Istook, U.S. House of Representatives. "The Religious Freedom Amendment." 10 Nov. 2001.   Ã‚  

Socrates Essay examples -- essays research papers fc

In Crito, Plato recounts the last days of Socrates, immediately before his execution was to take place in Athens. In the dialogue, Socrates’ pupil, Crito, proposes that Socrates escape from prison. Socrates considers this proposal, trying to decide whether escaping would be â€Å"just† and â€Å"morally justified.† Eventually, Socrates concludes that the act is considered â€Å"unjust† and â€Å"morally unjustified.† Socrates then decides to accept his fate and proceeded with his execution. Socrates was a man who was in pursuit of the truth (Durant). In his refusal to accept exile from Athens or a commitment of silence as a penalty, he chooses death and is thrown into prison. While Socrates is awaiting his execution, many of his friends, including Crito, arrive with a foolproof plan for his escape from Athens to live in exile voluntarily. Socrates calmly debates with each friend over the moral value and justification of such an act. â€Å"...people who do not know you and me will believe that I might have saved you if I had been willing to give money, but that I did not care.† -Crito (Wolff 37). Crito believed that by helping Socrates to escape, he could go on to fulfill his personal obligations. Also, if Socrates does not follow the plan, many people would assume that his friends did not care about him enough to help him escape or that his friends are not willing to give their time or money in order to help him. Therefore, Crito goes on to argue that Socrates ou ght to escape from the prison. After listening to Crito’s arguments, Socrates dismisses them as irrelevant to a decision about what action is truly right. â€Å"Now you, Crito, are not going to die to-morrow-...-and therefore you are disinterested and not liable to be deceived by the circumstances in which you are placed.† -Socrates (Wolff 40). In the arguments that Socrates makes, he emphasizes that what other people think does not matter. The only opinions that should matter are the ones of the individuals that truly know. â€Å"The truth alone deserves to be the basis for decisions about human action, so the only proper approach is to engage in the sort of careful moral reasoning by means of which one may hope to reveal it† (Wolff 43). According to Socrates, the only opinion that he is willing to consider would be that of the state. â€Å"...if you go forth, returning evil for evil, and injury for injury,...we shall be angry with you ... ... state of Athens, constitutes disobedience against the state. He argues that obeying the state is a requirement right up until death. He says that by not obeying the state that he was raised in, it's like not obeying his parents that raised him. Socrates was a man who stuck to his commitment to truth, morality and philosophy over life. He had a great commitment to his state, therefore by disobeying it, he would be committing suicide in a sense. If Socrates had disobeyed his state, he would never be allowed to enter it again, nor would any other allow him to live peacefully. His arguments throughout the whole dialogue were very strong. Socrates looked out for his state, while Crito’s arguments were based on himself and how others would view him. Socrates’ conclusion to stay in the prison may have cost him his life, but his act saved the morality and truth of Athens. Works Cited Wolff, Robert Paul. â€Å"Ten Great Works of Philosophy†. New York: Penguin Group, 1969. Durant, William. â€Å"The Story of Philosophy†. New York: Washington Square Press Publications, 1961. Volume I, Ninth Edition. â€Å"Civilization: Past & Present†. New York: Addison-Wesley Longman, Inc., 2000. Socrates Essay examples -- essays research papers fc In Crito, Plato recounts the last days of Socrates, immediately before his execution was to take place in Athens. In the dialogue, Socrates’ pupil, Crito, proposes that Socrates escape from prison. Socrates considers this proposal, trying to decide whether escaping would be â€Å"just† and â€Å"morally justified.† Eventually, Socrates concludes that the act is considered â€Å"unjust† and â€Å"morally unjustified.† Socrates then decides to accept his fate and proceeded with his execution. Socrates was a man who was in pursuit of the truth (Durant). In his refusal to accept exile from Athens or a commitment of silence as a penalty, he chooses death and is thrown into prison. While Socrates is awaiting his execution, many of his friends, including Crito, arrive with a foolproof plan for his escape from Athens to live in exile voluntarily. Socrates calmly debates with each friend over the moral value and justification of such an act. â€Å"...people who do not know you and me will believe that I might have saved you if I had been willing to give money, but that I did not care.† -Crito (Wolff 37). Crito believed that by helping Socrates to escape, he could go on to fulfill his personal obligations. Also, if Socrates does not follow the plan, many people would assume that his friends did not care about him enough to help him escape or that his friends are not willing to give their time or money in order to help him. Therefore, Crito goes on to argue that Socrates ou ght to escape from the prison. After listening to Crito’s arguments, Socrates dismisses them as irrelevant to a decision about what action is truly right. â€Å"Now you, Crito, are not going to die to-morrow-...-and therefore you are disinterested and not liable to be deceived by the circumstances in which you are placed.† -Socrates (Wolff 40). In the arguments that Socrates makes, he emphasizes that what other people think does not matter. The only opinions that should matter are the ones of the individuals that truly know. â€Å"The truth alone deserves to be the basis for decisions about human action, so the only proper approach is to engage in the sort of careful moral reasoning by means of which one may hope to reveal it† (Wolff 43). According to Socrates, the only opinion that he is willing to consider would be that of the state. â€Å"...if you go forth, returning evil for evil, and injury for injury,...we shall be angry with you ... ... state of Athens, constitutes disobedience against the state. He argues that obeying the state is a requirement right up until death. He says that by not obeying the state that he was raised in, it's like not obeying his parents that raised him. Socrates was a man who stuck to his commitment to truth, morality and philosophy over life. He had a great commitment to his state, therefore by disobeying it, he would be committing suicide in a sense. If Socrates had disobeyed his state, he would never be allowed to enter it again, nor would any other allow him to live peacefully. His arguments throughout the whole dialogue were very strong. Socrates looked out for his state, while Crito’s arguments were based on himself and how others would view him. Socrates’ conclusion to stay in the prison may have cost him his life, but his act saved the morality and truth of Athens. Works Cited Wolff, Robert Paul. â€Å"Ten Great Works of Philosophy†. New York: Penguin Group, 1969. Durant, William. â€Å"The Story of Philosophy†. New York: Washington Square Press Publications, 1961. Volume I, Ninth Edition. â€Å"Civilization: Past & Present†. New York: Addison-Wesley Longman, Inc., 2000.

Blakes Contraries

Yalitza Rufino ENG 102. 7460 Professor Colleran Paper 2 Blake’s Idea of Contraries William Blake’s poems were created to show the two contrary states. In his poems, he is constantly going against and challenging the rules of institutions, in specific the church. In The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, Blake shows his theory of contraries with his use of symbols of angels and devils, good and evil, and especially the comparison between heaven and hell.The Marriage of Heaven and Hell is a collection of contradictions, and without these contradictions Blake believes that there is no progression. â€Å"Without contraries is no progression. Attraction and Repulsion, reason and energy, love and hate are necessary to human existence. † (MHH lines 8-10) The essence to Blake’s theory is that it is necessary for innocence and experience to coexist within a person, that both good and evil are necessary for progression to occur. Line 8 is the purpose of the poem: â€Å"W ithout contraries is no progression. Religion almost always separates, religion says that the soul is separate from the body, and that the soul is good while the body is evil. The passive people will go to heaven while the â€Å"active† people will go to hell. We see this in line 12 of the poem: â€Å"Good is the passive that obeys reason, Evil is the active springing from energy. Good is heaven, Evil is hell. † The idea of when your body goes to heaven and your soul lives on or goes to heaven or hell is wrong according to Blake.Blake argues that humans aren’t born naturally good, but maybe they are born with the potential to be both good and evil. He rejects the idea that we can only be one or the other; either good or bad. Blake always wants us to see the two states of nature. The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, The Songs of Innocence and of Experience, He is always comparing two opposites. Attraction and repulsion, reason and energy, love and hate. All of these are necessary to our existence and to help us grow in life. We can’t have one ithout the other. Blake challenges everything that is main stream. He doesn’t believe in rules and he especially challenges those of the church. In The Voice of The Devil, line 11 states that â€Å"God will torment Man in eternity for following his Energies. † His contrary says that â€Å"energy is eternal delight. † Evil is the active springing from energy. Therefore Blake is conveying that evil is eternal delight. What he is portraying is that man should not be punished for following â€Å"evil†, instead that sometimes bad can be good.Blake believes that good represses evil energy. He compares angels and devils. Where he views angels to be dull and therefore hell isn’t that bad of a place compared to heaven. In conclusion, Blake pushes many limits. He stresses the idea of contraries and their importance. He sees what he views as â€Å"false† as ideas that are necessary to appreciate what he believes is true. He believes that contraries are crucial to man but that religion often pushes rules upon us that are one sided. He uses his ideas to repress those of the institution.

A Tentative Study of Trademark Translation Essay

Abstract stigmatize is a special kind of phrase signs. It is the closeness of commodities distinct pe cul de saciaritys, the core of commodities nuance, and the powerful ordnance for an enterprise to situationicipate in inter content competitions. With the reading of globalization and the increase in international mickle, the point of intersections of importing and exporting lace day by day the explanation of stigmatises is gaining to a coar mootr extent than and much than(prenominal) attention. Nowadays, more than(prenominal) and more potty slang realized that a great shift of a stigmatize in promoting sales is crucial to the development of international m finesses and profits making. con assortment to al closely instances of stigmatize interpretation, this thesis summarizes near master(prenominal) distinctives of dent, and discusses the patterns and virtu t out(p) ensembley commonplace methods of earmark supplanting. primal retain-a nd-takes Trademark characteristics displacement reaction principles comment methods , , , , , , , , , , Introduction According to R.Heis, an Ameri potty economic expert A shit look on, i. e. stylemark is a earn, form, sign, design or a confederacy of them that tells who draw offs it or who sells it, distinguishing that growth from those made or sold by other(a)(a)(a)s. (Guo Gui dour & Zhang Hongbo, 2008 one C) A send is unspoilt bid a convergences take a crap, which is the representative of the image of a comp all and the symbol of calibre. In promoting sales, the tag plays a precise principal(prenominal) government agency in arousing consumers desire to shop, deli genuinely the huge economic benefits and change surface in determining the survival of a comp whatsoever.With chinawargons joining to the WTO, china strengthens cooperation with other countries, including increasingly frequent economic and trade transfers. How to introduce our growths to in divert countries, bring foreign harvests into the domestic grocery stores and conduct a sure-fire sales business has become kind of chief(prenominal). Therefore, a successful transmutation of entertainmark becomes urgent and unavoidable for the enterprises. While label description is non only a plain con discrepancy from adept decree to a nonher, exactly a stimulate pattern of the cross- oral communication commercial, a special cross- heathen conference activity.Thus, it is vital for us to pay more attention to the principles and methods of incitermark shift. Chapter1 The Characteristics of Trademark though in that respect be various definitions of earmark, they grant round(a)thing in common. In cosmopolitan, a authentication should be elemental and wanton to remember, and should be distinctive and favorably associative. 1. 1 open and Easy to Remember It is a elemental destiny for a authentication to be simple and gentle to spell. Choosi ng rook and simple manner of speaking for composing trademarks bequeath dish out consumers comprehend them more profound, be obtain simple and short oral communication ar informal to celebrate in memory.Nowadays, with the fast development of economy, more and more trademarks flood into the foodstuff, how could consumers larn in all of them? Therefore, if a trademark is short and voiced to spell and memorize, it lowlife occupy the market easily. In fact, almost nearly-k instantern trademarks atomic number 18 in short form, such as Nike, Sony, Apple and so on. 1. 2 characteristic from Similar Products We all go to sleep that the aspire of using trademarks is to distinguish maven proceeds from others. Therefore, to be distinctive is most other Copernican characteristic of a trademark. Trademarks, in a sense, ar equal to signs and reputations.Distinctiveness back help customers non to be easily confused with other trademarks in the market either by rifle o r appearance. Distinctive and typical words whitethorn be used to distinguish the relevant crossroad from others. Kodak (camera) take a crapd by the manager, is distinctive and easy for the potential consumers to memorize. The Chinese famous trademark Lenovo( ),can easily be unlikeiated from other computers, because Lenovo, a coined word, can be gentd with the word legend which is particular and attractive. Lenovo is more in advance(p) than legend.Adventurous consumers will prefer that trademark distinguishes the relevant product from other computers with pure(a) ease. 1. 3 Arousing Favorable Association roughly trademarks can depend upon kindly connexion, which is an crucial feature of trademark. Owing to the requirement of marketing, a trademark is non only a sign, exactly excessively an advertisement. It should recruit the property draw and present the good lawsuit to consumers. few trademarks book inherent import and more or less fool historic or cultur al con nonations, both of which can end up halcyon associations. LUX (soap) is a product of Unilever confederacy.LUX, a Latin word, direction sunshine. So the consumer can bear on it with bright sunshine and wellnessy shin. This trademark even let multitude imagine the romantic printing on the summer beach. Whats more, consumers can coadjutor LUX with lucks and luxury from its appearance and pronunciation. Thus, Unilever Comp any(prenominal) publicizes the good quality of its products by the indulgent association of the trademark. From the above role model, we can affect that the inherent implication of trademarks plays an important part in denote and can arouse plentys desirable association and let them accept the products.Chapter 2 The Principles of Trademark commentary Trademark shift is an art as well as a science. It is a comprehensive operate which is think to linguistics, explanation theory, intercultural communication, aesthetics, and consumer psychol ogy. ordinaryly speaking, trademark comment is a complex task of pliable surrounded by the meanings of trademarks and their consumers. Therefore, to infer trademarks success lavishy, some principles should be taken into consideration. 2. 1 Reveal the Products Characteristics Usually, all product has its identification.Trademark deracination should show the features and maps of the products, so that the buyers could immediately think of the workout of products when they see the trademarks. As has been discussed by Xu Hui and Cheng Zhendong, the characteristic of a product mean that it has some basic elements which differ from those of others (Xu Hui, 200455-56). The translated station quote should match with the characteristics of products and show the idea of the lord agnomen. The characteristics of products not only distinguish from others, precisely besides contain the ability to pass off with the consumers.Thus, in the extremity of explanation, the transcriber should moil the characteristics of the products, so as to promote the perceptiveness of products for consumers, and help learn the characteristics and buy the farms of the products by the eldest sight. For example, a trademark of suit-dress Hope delegate is translated into , in which the word ? instantly radiates in the products for the app atomic number 18l category, and ? add more procession of a elated and peaceful sense of smell to the goods. The explanation not only reflects the features of the product and also caters to consumers aesthetic taste. cipher will contri scarcee interest in products which they are not acquainted. A successful trademark translation should prolong the peculiarity that customers can learn the category and characteristics of the product. uniform Nike, the famous American sucker of sports wears, is the score of the goddess Victory in Greek myth. According to its pronunciation, it can be translated into or in Chinese. However, the se two call cant betray the characteristics of the product, only even give people a mis on a lower floorstanding that Nike is some products for women. is bump. ? delegacy something durable.As the sport wear, forcefulness is equal to good quality. ? implies that people can finally overcome difficulties and succeed, conforming with the connotation of Victory. These two words in Chinese show the features of the product perfectly. Another example is Procter & Gambles antidandruff lave pass & Shoulders. The translation room dandruff disappears when washed, and highlights the distinct characteristics of the product fully. Another two examples are play (bicycle) and Unlsports (sports shoes).The former is translated into , the latter(prenominal) into . If you are not familiar with the trademarks, who will associate it with their products? 2. 2 Choose the Appropriate Words As the symbol of products, trademarks should be simple and easy to remember and understandable for cons umers. So in regulate to leave the ruff smell on consumers, translators should consider some beguile words during the process of trademark translation. The more complicated words in the translation, the weaker the trademark dears and the less memorable it becomes. For instance, McDonalds was transliterated into in mainland of China forward and now is displaced by .Also, in mainland, the strike out tell by Hewlett & Packard had a long translation of - for a long period. Now, the six-character recital, long and meaningless, has been replaced by the two-character form . rapprochement these two versions, we can see the latter is easier to adjudicate and memorize. Moreover, contains more meanings and can plump up more favorable e favorable association of the the productassociation of consumers. Similarly, sharpen &Shoulder(shampoo) was transliterated into in front and now a more succinct and meaningful version is normal. Stafanel, the vane phone for apparel from US, is translated into now. However, what about a two-character version ? Also in China, Mercedes-Benz, the brand have for a quality car from Ger umteen, was transliterated into before and yet is put into at present. A car from Great Britain Rolls Royce is translated into now sooner of the former transliteration . The Chinese version for unclouded Child, a semi-conductor from the US, was before and now is rather. is easier to be enounce and memorized than for Nescafe from Swiss.The upper newborn versions have replaced the old renderings because they are simple and easy to be certain by consumers, in pronunciation, form and meaning. Easy espousal by consumers finally promotes the sales of the products. On the contrary, some translations sound profane or may lead to negative associations in the Chinese language. Thus such translations would not be recognized and accepted by consumers. For examples, Psorales, a drug, was put into when just orgasm int o China.No one knew what was and assumed it to be something discarded. It is not hard to imagine nobody would buy things that sound worn and useless. Later, it is replaced by ,a more vivid and meaningful version, and its sales was improved afterwards. 2. 3 Analyze the aesthetics Features Trademark translation should comply with the characteristics of geomorphology of trademark in the TL. Getting the best out of the combination of salmon pink in meaning, sound and form is the internal requirement if we want to realize the associated function and the advertising function of a brand severalise.(Tang Zhongshun, 200275-77) The translated trademark accordingly must be normative, refined, vivid and visual. Firstly, beauty of meaning means the translated terms should produce an artistic blueprint with a favorable association of words or component words so that people will have well-situated and nice association and arouse the expectation and pursuit of wonderful things. We have the typical examples of queer (beverage) and Tide (washing power). Since pouf was translated into in Chinese, this product has prevailed in China due to the brilliant color and easy connotation.The translated term in sound is not only quite close to the pronunciation of the passe-partout brand stool, but also generates people have a favorable association of lustration, neatness and tidiness, showing the sort and feature of the product. Secondly, beauty of sound means a brand flesh of the overlord and its translated version should basically share the analogous or alike(p) pronunciation with the quality of sonority, rhythm methodization and musicality so that an aesthetically harming enjoyment is gained in hearing that brand name (Zhang Quan, 200477-79).There are many another(prenominal)(prenominal) successfully translated versions fully reflect the beauty of sounds. Take OMO (washing power) and Clean& buy the farm (facial cleanser) for example. As OMO is translated into ,it sounds like a compliment great in side. The translated term of Clean&Clear, fuddles good use of alliterative Adonic reduplication in methodicalness to strain a combination of phonetic rhythm and verve.Lastly, beauty of form means the translated trademarks should contact the best of conciseness and simpleness in structure, namely using few syllables, readability and understandability of the words and avoiding difficult and seldom-using words. plenty prefer two or threesome words of translated versions because this structure better accords with the denotative custom and aesthetic psychology. There are many famous translated brand name calling with the above feature, such as Head&Shoulders (shampoo), Avon (cosmetic), Johnsons (cream) and so on. Especially the translated version is full of the characteristics of concision, elegance and vividness representing the feature and function of the product. 2. 4 Pay Attention to ethnical Differences Edward Taylor pin downd civilization as a complex whole which includes knowledge, popular opinions, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by individuals as members of a society. (Taylor Edward B, 187136) Namely, the major(ip) factors contributing to the making of culture are the religions, habits, customs and write up, which vary considerable from countries to countries.As a carrier of culture, language is an important part of culture which reflects the characteristics of a nation, which not only includes the nations historical and cultural background, but also contains the national outlook on life, lifestyles and commissions of thinking. From the family relationship between language and culture, it is obvious that translation is not only a process of transferring the blood line language into the posterior area language, but also a process of a mutual communication and exchange between divergent cultures.Therefore, during the process of trademark translation, as language and culture are inwrought from each other, it is essential to pay more attention to cultural differences. 2. 4. 1. Differences in Religions Religions, myths, legends, and images from literary works are an in-separable part of culture. They are deeply rooted in culture and at the same time kick in a great deal to the arrangement of peoples concepts about accepted objects.These elements, when involved in brand name translation, call for the translators sensitiveness as well as flexibleness in cultural adaptation in wander that functional equivalence could be attained between the antecedent brand name and the derriere brand name. For example, Goldlion was not well-liked when it send-off appeared in the Chinese market with the name . It is said that many people would not buy that product just because the name sounds truly close to in some Chinese dialects. Other people believe that the name was not well accepted because it resembles the sound of,which is also a t aboo idea in China, particularly in Hong Kong, where people display a particular liking for things with luck-bearing label. Any counsel, the product did not sell well until the new name was adopted by Zeng Xianzi, a famous Chinese entrepreneur. He adroitnessfully took apart the citation brand name intogoldandlion. The first part was literally put into? to be faithful to the schoolmaster, objet dart the latter adopted the method of semantic transliteration and was put into ,meaningbringing profit. such an auspicious name has helped a lot in building up the good fame of the product. 2. 4. 2 Differences in History.Every uncouth has its own history. In the history, many historical incidents happened. These incidents have carved into the culture and have become a part of it. creation unaware of the history when translating a trademark will lead to failure. Opium is a brand of perfume. Actually in the western cul ention to hich reflects nd nice associationame, but also makes ati on. things. he producr. ture, such kind of trademark name is popular, such as Poison, another perfume brand. However in China, has a negative meaning. The Chinese people see the shameful history related to opium since 1840, when the infamous Opium War broke out.Without the consideration of history, this brand encountered the resistance from the Chinese consumers. Finally, the trademark name was banned in China. 2. 4. 3 Differences in Customs and Habits Custom is one of the branches of culture reflecting the circumstantial characteristics of a nation or parts of the nation. It is the sediment of long history and closely linked with the surroundings and the way of life. So some customs and habits hold out in one culture but may be absent in another, which brings about an obstacle to Chinese- position brand name translation.Many Chinese brand name calling come from Chinese custom. One of the most famous rice wines named (Daughter Wine) is produced in Shaoxing, Zhejiang state of matter of China. To Chinese customers, the brand name represents the happy events in ones life, composition they cannot arouse the same feeling in westerners if translated literally and that will absolutely cause cultural loss, because the western consumers do not know about the custom of the quaint Shaoxing. It is said that in ancient Shaoxing a jar of this wine was buried under the ground when a daughter was brought into the world.When the misfire grew up and became a bride, the jar was take out and presented to the guests attending the wedding. As the wine was uncapped, the smell of the wine spread far, and all guests became excited and congratulated the parents, so it was named . When a translator translate the trade mark, it is very necessary to reveal the cultural culture of the brand names. It is not only easy for customers to know about the origin of the wine but accept it quickly, because any one from any country would like to equally evaluate the exquisite thi ngs, enjoy the happy feeling and desire success.Thus, in order to reveal the cultural information of this brand name, perchance the translation Daughters hymeneals Wine is more suitable. 2. 4. 4 Differences in the Attitudes towards Animals and Numbers People living in different cultures hold different berths and beliefs towards animals and phone numbers. What is considered a good omen in one culture may not defend the same in another. Therefore, it is generally wise that people should not use this type of words to name the relative products, and when one translates lasting brand names of this type, cultural adaptation may help him take a chance a more proper objective lens brand name.The difficulties caused by such words in brand name translation may be illustrated with the following example. As we know, the Chinese people often associate flails with good luck because the Chinese character ? sounds the same as? (meaninggood fortune). Some Chinese legends even say that when a bat lives 100 years, it turns white in color and hangs whirligig down from a tree, and eating that bat could bring a person longevity. A red bat foretells even better luck for sounds exactly the same with ( existence supremely fortunate). Some Chinese stick to the belief so much that they name their products. scarce if the translator adapts his linguistic choices to the different attitude towards the animal in European cultures, he would not consider Bat a good name, for bat is regarded as an exceedingly evil omen in many European folklores. Perhaps translations like Fortunes would be better. Besides, numbers bring about different associations. Generally speaking, each culture has certain(prenominal) numbers believed to be either aureate or ominous, but this may often differ from individual to individual. allows take the translation of 7-up, a brand of soft drink, as an example.The number 7 is thought to be a lucky number to many English speakers, but it does not have the s ame meaning in Chinese. Considering the cultural difference, the translator, in order to create a similar effect among the Chinese consumers, worked out the name . The name is quite satisfactory because its first part? remains faithful to the source brand name without canaliseing any reproachful meaning, and its second part? conveys the meaning ofhappiness and good luck,and accordingly makes up for the loss of connotation in the number7.Chapter 3 General Methods in Trademark Translation whoreson Newmark once said that different translation strategies should be adopted according to the different functions of different works (Mou Yan, 2008). It is well-known that trademark translation is not only to convey the cultural information of the source culture, but also to set up a good image in the mug culture, and finally to attract the people in the stub market to the product. In order to contact these purposes, translators should adopt the following methods in the process of tradem ark translation. 3. 1 unfeigned Translation unfeigned translation, referred to as semantic translation by shit Newmark, is a way of translation which aims at preserving the most possible cultural messages (including the communicative scene of culture, such as, the formal elements of the SL) of the source textual matter at the sacrifice of the formal elements of the target language and sometimes even the intelligibility of the target text (Zheng Shengtao, 1994). Since the formation of words in the Chinese language is different from that in the Western languages, it is actually impossible to succeed trademark translation by verbatim translation in most cases.Peter Newmark favors literal translation too. He says, I am somewhat of a literalist because I am for truth and accuracy. (Newmark Peter, 200162) Although sometimes literal translation may create something exotic or even font for the target language readers, it will bit by bit be accepted by the target language and its cul ture. As long as the translated brand names from foreign language can be understood and accepted by the target consumers, literal translation is the best way for promoting cultural exchange through the brand name translation in China.As the brand name translation is to transfer between cultures, translators should make the target consumers understand the source culture. Some people say there is a better way for translators to approach the genuine. That is literal translation, which can keep the national feature. For example, some traditional brand names, which are very familiar to the Westerners even to the world like (The Yangtze River), (the Yellow River), and (the Great Wall) are chosen by the producers, as they are the symbols of Chinese wonderful natural history.When translators translate them, they have no need to do any translation. As these brand names are well-known to the world, and these Chinese characteristics of brand names are fresh and mysterious to the Wester ners, it is easy to evoke the target consumers purchasing desire. Translators can adopt literal translation. The brand names , , carry our ancient cultural information. When translators translate them into the Western languages, they should keep literal translation and add some notes, in order to let the target consumers know the source culture.Literal translation also keeps the general form and keeps the structure of the source language. Today, Chinese culture are getting more and more popular in the world, and more and more Westerners are eager to poll our language in order to learn our long history. Therefore, the kind of translation is a necessary way to let more people learn our traditional culture. On the other hand, in the English-speaking countries, there are some brand names which can be literally translated. For example, the very famous brand name whiten cat is translated into .And the brand name Camel is translated into . completely these translated brand names a re very suitable for the products, and the products will very believably be loved by the consumers in the target market. Here literal translation is not the same as verbatim translation. Word-for-word translation is to rigidly make every word in the process of translation. Strictly speaking, it is not a translation method. further, literal translation is a skill of translation, even if there do exist some additions or deletions enchantment the shopping centre of the original is not destroyed.Literal translation makes the target language more beam and acceptable. Although literal translation can most possibly maintain the cultural messages of the source language, it sometimes will cause error of the cultural messages or create uncomprehensible meanings. Lets take Sprite as an example. If the word Sprite is translated literally or directly, it might be . The version would put Chinese consumers into great confusion because is a human-like monster in Chinese culture. Thus t ranslators should consider other methods.Literal translation is adopted as the most ideal translation technique in reproducing images because it can preserve the original images as much as possible. Some English expressions wearing word-for-word similarity to some Chinese expressions may mean something quite different. In this case, translators should go deeper to find out what these English expressions really mean other mistakes will be made in literal translation. 3. 2 Transliteration Transliteration in a narrow sense is a affair from one system of writing into another and it is mostly based on the pronunciation.Transliteration attempts to be lossless, so that an informed reader should be able to reconstruct the original recite of unknown transliterated words. To achieve this objective, transliteration may define complex conventions to deal with letters in a source script that do not correspond with letters in a goal script. Transliteration means that trademarks are translated into similar names in pronunciation according to the original ones (Li Yi, 2009232-234) It is generally believed that the toleration of this method can help to achieve various purposes.Some trademarks obtained in this way can effectively remind the customers of their authorized status. Such trademarks are easier for target consumers to pronounce and memorize. Still, some trademarks are deliberately transliterated in order to cater to the foreign consumers general preference for foreign goods because some thus-translated trademarks sound more foreign-like. The world famous trademark Intel means the ability to learn and argue and the capacity for knowledge and comprehension. Now you see why it is translated into which sounds foreign-like and is easy to memorize and read.Meanwhile, it indicates the characteristic of the product. Another example is the translation of Ya Ya. (down wear) is transliterated into Ya Ya instead of Duck. The translated trademark Ya Ya is a guileful nam e that can fulfill the simulating function of trademark effectively. These two examples show the characteristics of being simple and easy to pronounce and memorize and as well obey the principle of aesthetics. Though transliteration embodies the sound beauty of the original one, the translated trademark dictions should be chosen carefully.During transliteration, it is important to obey the characteristics of arousing desirable association. Philip was once translated into which sounds more similar to the original one than . But the three characters will arouse unfavorable association. People prefer good and appropriate words, and hence, when using transliteration method, translators should do their best to choose beautiful words. For example, Lancome (cosmetics) is put into .The two Chinesecharacters are beautiful and can be associated with an elegant woman with certain phantasmal qualities. These two words are eer connected with beautiful things, such as , . Thats why Chi nese females have a partiality for Lancome. In translation practice, we find that English trademarks are passing coherent in letters or words and can be pronounced easily in one breath, while the transliteration of Chinese trademarks are broken into autarkical words in accordance with the specific Chinese characters. So the English version often lacks coherence.To avoid the disadvantage of transliteration in strict accordance with the standard Chinese pronunciation, we can use transliteration method flexibly. To some extent, we can translate a trademark according to the local pronunciation. The following examples successfully avoid the above problem. (refrigerator) is translated into Frestech instead of Xin Fei. Frestech is be of fresh and technology, which is coherent in structure and pronunciation. Whats more, it also implies that the product is produced with advanced technology. (tonic food) means that happiness is coming, suggesting the product will bring happiness and hea lth to consumers.The English version Life caters to westerners psychology and is easier for them to pronounce and spell. 3. 3 necessitous Translation Free translation reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original. Usually it is a paraphrase longer than the original. In order to take advantage of the target language and make translated brand name more idiomatic and acceptable, some imaginary brand names are freely translated.Free translation can communicate the information of products clearly and vividly. It will make a strong impression on the target language consumers and arouse their response. There are many successful examples to show this method. For example, Ariel (washing powder) is rendered as . The word ? means clean and clear. So indicates the super cleaning qualification of the washing powder. Similarity, Safeguard (soap) is not literally translated into , but . The translation describes the products function and attribu tes.Rejoice (shampoo) is not translated into , but , meaning softness and glossiness. Slek(shampoo) is also rendered as through free translation. in Chinese can be a noun as well as a verb phrase. If is interpret as a noun, it means beautiful buds, implying ladies will be like an elegant bud after using the shampoo if is interpreted as a verb, it means nourishing a bud to make it come out. This implies the shampoo can make hair glossier. Zest(soap) is paraphrased as through free translation. ? is a very popular word in China, which brings the soap a fashionable element.This translation is improved from the original one in literal method. is more proper and suitable to meet the of necessity of the youth who are the target customers. 3. 4 Liberal Translation plus Transliteration In order to reach the criteria of trademark translationbeauty in meaning and sound, and to make the translated versions possess the general features of good brand names, we can use the combina tion of continuous tense translation and transliteration to translate brand names, since in many cases liberal or transliteration cannot do the job along.A good translation of a brand name should not only be similar to the original sound but also reflect the connotation of the original. The combination of liberal translation and transliteration may achieve double purposes, as the message of the brand name will be more vividly reflected so that it will be more astonishing to guide consumption. Here we take some examples to appreciate the merits of this kind of method. For example, Pampersdiapers from P&G, is rich in meaning and clear in pronunciation. The translated brand name has got a proportionateness between the meaning and the pronunciation. The brand name of a medicine Bufferin is translated into . The translated brand name does not tell us what the medicine is, but it forms a sound which is very close to that of the source brand name. A drink named Milo is translated into , which not only makes us know that the pronunciation of the translated word is close to that of the original, but tells us what the product is made from and the property of the product.