Translation of image in metaphor

The present study Is an attempt to Investigate the variation of movie In illustrations. In interlingual rendition of illustration, It Is necessary to start with Investigating the concept of fable. So the definition of fable and various kinds of allegory atomic number 18 presented. computery is a key concept in simile that helps the lector to visualize and experience the authors writing. polar flake of objectiveizery as well as presented. Then rendering of illustrations ,including cognitive salute, is considered. At last the supplanting of fiction in Persian poetry is investigated.Introduction displacement reaction p mystifys an essential role in transferring message from unity acculturation to an early(a) (Batavia,2008). Deference amidst SSL and TTL give the gate sometimes pose challenges in the adjoin of edition. One of these challenges is the deracination of fiction. metaphors can become a shift problem, since transferring from wiz style and cult ure to a nonher Is difficult. Translation of metaphor will be always seen as problematic, no matter which get to metaphor Is chosen (Olivier, 19985).Literature re posture in that respect be no Instructions for devising metaphors there Is no manual for determining hat a metaphor means or says there is no judge for metaphor that does not call for taste. A metaphor implies a kind and degree of artistic succeeder there ar no unsuccessful metaphors There ar taste little metaphors, nevertheless if these ar turns that withal have brought something off, even if it were not worth bringing off or could have been brought off better. (Davidson 29) harmonise to Adage(198777) metaphor presents a particularly inquisitive discharges of the interpretive programs ability.Furthers Olivier (19985) claims the translation of metaphor ( ) Is problematic no matter which turn up to metaphor is chosen. Degrees of translatability of metaphor are classified as follows 1 . Metaphors are untran slatable the advocates of this are Nadia, Avian and Darlene, and Adage. They believe that translation reachs a contrastive metaphor In the rate lyric poem. 2. Metaphors are to the full translatable Sloppier, Reels and Mason claim that there is no problem in metaphor translation. Metaphor is translated as a new metaphor in hind end voice communication. 3.Metaphors are translatable but pose a degree of interlinguas in equivalence Van Den Broke, Arabian Olivarez, Tour and Newark have this view. 4. Conciliatory approach Snell Horny said that he schoolbook type determine the range of rendering. Mandible(1 995) focus on the translators answer time to show differences in the translation of SCM ( identical part soma) and the DIM ( contrastive mapping condition). The lop of distinct theorists standardized Coves(2005), AH Hosannas(2007), Male(2008) and Rain dedicaters and Gaur(2010) are all product-oriented, show that translation products guess on SCM and DIM.The common foo ting betwixt all of these studies Is that the to a greater extent the dickens languages conceptualize metaphors In a salary way. The easier the task of translation will be. Also some research have been done In relevance to the assemble of translation on metaphor by Schaeffer(2004) and Starriest(1993). Towboats (1993 has to be culture specific, thus presenting what amounts to often insurmountable problems for translation, which is by definition a transactional process. Schaeffer (2004) Discussed some implications for a cognitive theory of metaphor to translating metaphor without trying to draw a theory or a model. Dickens (2005) Simplified Model, Full Model, a reworking of Newark in terms of legalized and non- legalized metaphors, where Arabic- incline translation of metaphor is reduced to exuberance and congruence. First, it is claimed that if two languages have radically different conceptual systems, then translation from one language to the other is im thinkable.Second, it is o ften claimed that if translation is impossible, then vocalizers of one language cannot at a lower placestand the other language. Third, it is often claimed that if the languages have different conceptual systems, then someone who speaks one language will be unable to learn the other language beca intent he lacks the right conceptual system. Fourth, to confuse matters further, it is sometimes claimed that since plenty can learn idiotically different languages, those languages couldnt have different conceptual systems (Alaska, 1987 311). What is metaphor? According to Newark metaphor is any rhetorical expression the transferred smell out of a corporal record, the personification of an abstraction, the application of a reciprocation or collocation to what is doesnt literal errorly denote, to describe one thing in terms of another(prenominal). He also introduces the polygamous speech and English phrasal verb as metaphor. Most people cerebrate that metaphor is utilise only i n the literary works and is a feature of language. They introduce metaphor as matter of words instead of thought r action. But metaphors are used in every daytime conversation, in language, in thought and in action.George Alaska claims that our ordinary conceptual system, in terms of which we both designate and act, is fundamentally nonliteral nature. Tall metaphor is described in two senses in narrow sense, metaphor is get into of speech, one thing is described in terms of another. So metaphor is the combination of cardinal components melodic line(object), vehicle( film), ground(sense) and is described as a resemblance between icon and object. To condone more, we can say that the high and vehicle are connected by a verb that cooks resemblance. The verb to be is often used to say the nervous strain is the vehicle.In broad sense metaphor is explained as what Newark define metaphor. In this broad sense metaphor is the carnal knowledge between mind and cognition. From his torical point of view, metaphor is a Greek word for transport and is delimit as a transportation of concepts from its normal location to a new location. In the past, metaphor was figure of speech or form of figurative language that defined in terms of aesthetic and rhetorical points. It has been analyzed in term of components (image, object, sense) and types (dead, click, juvenile ). But nowadays, metaphor is seen in stance of conceptualization and idealization.So the cognitive conceptual stylistic approaches are chosen. Metaphor is identical to metaphor. In simile A is like B, but in metaphor like or as are not used. It means that in simile the comparison stated explicitly, date in metaphor and simile depends on this point of homogeneousity between topic and image. This implicit similarity may be understood from context. Different type of metaphor Newark expresses 6 types of metaphor. 1 . Dead metaphor Dead metaphors are metaphors where one is hardly intended of he image, o fttimes relate to universal terms of office and time, the main part of body and main human activity. In translation of dead metaphor the alike(p) image is transferred. An practice session of a dead metaphor would be the body of an essay. In this example, body was initially an expression that drew on the metaphorical image of human phase applied to the subject matter in question. 2. Click metaphor Click metaphors are metaphors that have outlived their advantage , that are used as substitute for clear thought , often emotively , but without corresponding to the facts of matter. Different image is made from SSL to TTL. Absence begets the heart grow fonder is a proverb click.Achilles heel is an allusion click. Acid test is an idiom click. Age before beauty is a catchphrase click. Alive and kicking is a doublet click. eliminate like the plague is a simile click 3. investment company or standard metaphor Stock or standard metaphor is an established metaphor which in an informal c ontext is an efficient and conscious method of covering a physical or mental situation both referentially and pragmatically and which is not deadened by overuse. In translation of standard metaphor the akin image must be constructed n TTL. 4.Adapted metaphor This type of metaphor is actually a stock metaphor that has been adapted into a new context by its speaker or writer(fleetness of a stock metaphor has been adapted or personalized in some way) It can be translated by an equivalent adapted metaphor. 5. Recent metaphor This type of metaphor is produced finished coining they are often anonymously coined. Recent metaphors should be translated using continental analysis. 6. maestro metaphor Original metaphors, are created or quoted by the SSL writer or speaker usually to chance on discourse more interesting and often used to highlight particular points. Translator has some choices literal translation, reduction to sense or modification of the metaphor. Alaska and Johnson determi ne 3 type of metaphor under the prenomen of conceptual metaphor 1 . Orientation metaphor spatial orientation (up-d accept, in-out) is the concern. For example happy is up. no-count is down Im feeling up today. Hes in truthly low these days. 2. Ontological metaphor an abstraction such as emotion and ideas is replaced by a concrete thing such as object, substance or entity. In this definition some words need some news report.Entity is made when an abstraction is replaced by concrete physical object. For example, the mind is delineated as a machine my mind Just isnt operating today. When abstraction is represented as material, substance is made. For example there was a lot of good sprinting in the race. Container is one ontological metaphor when one concept is shown as something that has outside and inside, and holds something else. For instance get the most out of life-time. 3. structural metaphor this is a received metaphor in which one basic domain of experience is transferr ed to another basic domain.This is the most Byzantine metaphor. For example argument is war, so we can say your claims are indefensible. The ceremonious metaphor in this definition is a metaphor that is used in everyday example if life is a Journey so we can say its time to get on with your life. George Alaska represents another type of metaphor that is called image metaphor. According to Alaska image metaphor maps conventional mental image onto other conventional mental image by virtue of their internal structure. Image metaphor is different from conceptual metaphor.Some metaphors are used in advertising slogans, so they are o common and convert to something that is used in every day conversations. For example consider the metaphor of life is a Journey Life is a Journey, make a motion it Airlines) Life is a Journey. Enjoy the Ride. (Ionians) Life is a Journey. Enjoy the ride with a GM pay back card. (General Motors) Lifes a Journeytravel light(Hugo Boss Perfume) Some metaphors used in the lyrics. For example Lifes a Journey not a destination And I Just cant tell Just what tomorrow brings. From the phonograph album A Little South of Sanity) Poets use metaphor in numberss. A common poem by the use of life is a Journey is The Road Not Taken from Robert Frost Two roadstead diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth. Then took the other, as Just as fair, And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear though as for that the passing there Had worn them really about the corresponding. And both that morning equally lay in leaves no step had trodden black.Oh, I kept the first for another day Yet discriminating how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever come back. I shall be telling this with a sigh somewhere ages and ages hence Two roads diverged in a wood, and I I took the one less traveled by, and that has made all the difference. Function of metaphor comment of entities more comprehensively than in literal language (referential purpose). The second purpose is to delight, to please (pragmatic purpose). The third purpose is to show similarity between two comparable things that have one characteristic in common.Metaphors are also used to advise the reader to think positively and beautifully to their life and world. Love is a homeless guy searching or treasure in the middle of the rain and finding a bag of gold coins and tardily finding out theyre all filled with chocolate and even though hes heart broken, he cant grunt because he was hungry in the first place. (Boo Burnham, Love Is) Time, you thief(Leigh Hunt, Rounded) Memory is a barbarian woman that hoards colored rags and throws away food. (Austin Maloney) Life is a zoo in a Jungle. (Peter De Varies) Life is a game played on us while we are playing other games. (Even Sear) The application of metaphor Metaphor is an impo rtant device for chat. The work of Alaska and Johnson wows the application of metaphors in cognitive linguistics, as well as cognitive anthropology, computer science, and philosophy of language also in psychology. In psychology, the work of Alaska and Johnson shows interest in study of metaphor in cognitive and clinical psychology. In a cognitive perspective, metaphor is example of mental model as well as analogical reasoning and problem solving.Analogies and metaphors make sense f the word. Gentler (1983) argues that metaphors help to understanding, decision- making, and action. Duke (1994) shows the effect of metaphor in applied field of software ergonomics. Tahiti, Photos and Grasses (1999) represent the effect of metaphor in communication process. Clinical psychology, concentrate on the role of metaphor in communication processes in psychotherapy. Imagery Imagery is not only the representation of visual image in our mind. Imagery is more complex. And can be categorize in five t ypes, each relevant to one of our sense.Newark claims that language refers to visual image and metaphor is the language reference to other senses. Hearing and touch are more powerful than taste and smell. Different type of imagery Visual images are mental pictures that are constructed in your mind. It means that in order to compare two things use picture rather than word. For example the tavern was worn down with age, the wooden bar chipping away, the floors looking black from the dirt, and the ceiling carrying dark brownish stains from water damage. Auditory images relate to sound. It is a form of mental imagery that is used to organize sound.This image divided to two auditory modalities verbal imagery and vividness and detail of auditory imagery depend on the downplay and condition of brain. As an example of auditory imagery we can express from an ode Or sinking as the light wind lives or dies And full-grown lambs loud bleat from hilly marches Hedge-crickets sing and now with treble soft The redbreast whistles from a garden-croft, And gathering swallows twitter in the skies. kinaesthesia images where the reader can imagine the movements and action of a person or an object.For example his body move fluidly throughout the obstacle course, dodging every object thrown at him with agility and grace while speeding down the path. Olfactory images which refers to smell of the odors and scents. Example the perfume she sprayed reminded her of the sweet and calming scent of mangos and vanilla, a wave of relaxation soon overcoming her. Gustatory images refer to the words in your mind that make you think of taste. For example the artificial cherry taste of the cough medicine was overly flowery and sweet. Tactile image allow reader to imagine a feel or texture of certain things.As an example the chimneypiece was as soft as cotton and as smooth as silk. Organic imagery which is the desire of feeling what the character feels, such as thirst, hunger. As an example he was completely drained of energy, his knees buckling from carrying his own weight and eyes drooping from exhaustion. Imagery used in three senses in literary erotism in the broad sense, the image need not be mental pictures. In narrow sense, imagery is description of visual objects and senses. The third, imagery means figurative language. Function of imagery Imagery is used in poetry and literature.In poetry is as a backbone of poem because imagery used in poem to evoke a response in reader. Imagery has different connotation and meaning, but for the poet they convey a complete human experience in every few words. Imagery in literature is a collection of techniques that appeal to the senses. There are two main types of language used in literature secretive and figurative in the descriptive language we can refer to the senses directly, while in the figurative language we should use some description and invoke other meaning. To create imagery in literature, both types of languages are used.The descriptive language use imagery directly to create a vivid, realistic description of the sense. This describes the appearance and setting, the different senses. Comprehension of metaphor There are some theories related to metaphor cognition 1 . Interaction theory (proposed by Richards (1965), black (1962)), in this view the interaction between tenor and vehicle creates metaphor. . Mapping theory (proposed by Alaska(1987)), this view use the terms of tooth root domain and target domain to show the directionality of relation between these domains that called mapping. 3.Blending theory in metaphor there are two psychological spaces source psychological space and target psychological space. These two spaces make a new space. The sense of metaphor called generic space. If the source, target and generic spaces create a new space metaphor is made. Metaphor translation According to Newark, whilst the central problem of translation is the overall choice translation of metapho r. Unremarkable 104) In order to interpretation of metaphors, translator can choose among some possibilities 1 . Exact equivalence of original metaphor, 2. A metaphorical phrase which express a similar sense, 3.Untranslatable metaphor replaced with approximate literal paraphrase Problems relating to metaphor translation Adage points out since a metaphor in SSL is, by definition, a semantic novelty, it can clearly have no existing equivalence in the TTL. Another problem relates to what Limier claims most words in a language have absorbed pagan aspects and historical experiences. Metaphors often are culture-bound, and the best way for translation is direct translation. Metaphor as an discover in translation study Prescription versus description These two polarities (prescription and description) are one aspect of translation problem.The advocates of prescriptive approach are Nadia, Van den Broke, Newark and the advocates of descriptive approach are Tour, Snell Horny, Baker. (Fernan do et al 200361) These approaches quest SST faithfulness have been increasingly disregarded in favor of target oriented studies, which had an impact on the concept of equivalence. Transgenic equivalence thus doesnt pursue perfect but rather acceptable rendering (Arabian-Lavalieres) Classical versus conceptual perspective Another classification in study of metaphor is the polarities of classical and conceptual approach.While the principal of these two approaches are different, in recent decades some attempts have been done to combine these two approaches. In the classical view, metaphor was a rhetorical figure or a device to add interest to the text. At the same time, metaphor has been seen as something interesting, peripheral, as an object in realm of poetic rather than empirical analysis. handed-down understanding of metaphor as a figure of speech has been recently replaced with a more complex conceptual, cognitive approach(Schaeffer 2004).The publication of Metaphors we live by (1980) by Alaska and Johnson change the square world of study. In recent years the new conceptual view of metaphor is the most important view. Alaska and Johnson argues that marathons are nothing less than demonstration of the whole system of experience and thought of human society- in other words, metaphor soak and pervade both languages and thought( Fernando 200365). So metaphor is an expression of conceptual mapping, while this view is the same of lassie view but it is said that mapping is a surface demonstration of the relation in a deeper level.Descriptive _cultural Horny(1988-95), Towboats(1993) _(UN)translatability and cultural overlap(Adage(1976-1987) _(UN)translatability and structure of cultural information(Van Den Broke(1981) Prescriptive keeping the same metaphorical image _changing it into a simile _substituting by equivalent metaphor in the TTL _keeping the same metaphorical image and adding explanation _paraphrase Horny(1988-1995) claims that some abstract rule cann ot describe metaphor, and the unction of metaphor within a context should be considered.Newark never said anything about the choice from among the procedure. Alaska and Johnson argue that the metaphors that are most alive and most profoundly entrenched, efficient and powerful are those that are so automatic as to be unconscious and passing(a). In recent work related to metaphor translation, the cognitive approach is adopted by different theorists and statisticians. They look at the metaphor not as stereotyped types, but as a process of mapping between two different domains that called the source domain and target domain.For example in the teaching this room is an oven the target domain is our understanding of the concept of heat for it is the concept we wish to express through the metaphor. The source domain is conceptualized as an enclosed heated compartment_ an extremely hot place, which is vehicle for the metaphorical transfer. The whole metaphor can be expressed as heat is an enclosed heated compartment. The selection of translation method In order to preserve the image of metaphor 1 . Literal translation the image in the target text is the same image transferred from source text. 2.The image in source text is replaced by another form in 3. Image is transferred but annotation is added. This is used when target text. There are cultural differences. So by the use of annotation the reader with different cultural background can understand metaphor. Mapping In this view instead of terms tenor and vehicle, two other terms are used that called source domain and target domain. In this theory, metaphor is the projection from source domain to target domain. Mapping between these two domains helps the reader to understand conceptual metaphor and the translator to translate effectively. Translation of metaphor 1 .There isnt the same metaphor In the target text 2. The metaphor existing in target text, but the mapping doesnt follow directly. There are three possible reasons for this. -in target text another meaning is created. -the mapping doesnt occur in target language -the mapping has restriction. Now the choice of translator depends on the existence of conceptual metaphor. If the conceptual metaphor doesnt exist in target language, the translator has two choices whether translate literally and add an explanation or without any favor to mage-schematic mapping, translate the meaning of metaphor.But if conceptual metaphors are the same in source or target language the translation is as follow if mapped instance is the same, an exact translation is used. And if different mapping is created in target language there are two choices Use an explanatory simile or an instance with the same meaning is replaced. Finally if there isnt image-schema mapping in two languages, an explanatory simile is used or explanation added to direct translation. Cognitive approach Mandible In this model the cultural beliefs and values between two culturally different faculty is added when cultural differences are existed.If cultural background of two language readers is the same so we can say mapping conditions in the SSL and TTL are similar, and cultural gap create different mapping condition. These two conditions are basic terms used in mandibles Cognitive Translation Hypothesis. Mandible(1995) argues that translation of metaphor with a similar mapping condition(SCM) is simple and less time-consuming. When translator face with different mapping condition(DIM), has some choices rendering the metaphor to simile, paraphrasing, footnote, explanation and omission.Mandible intended to show the translator needs to make a shift between mapping condition of source and target language. Coves Coves (2005) expresses the regularities of the ways conceptual metaphors are expressed linguistically in different languages. In this model the translation of sixteen English metaphorical linguistic expression of Time is money metaphor as described in Alaska and Joh nson is examined. Coves characterized each example by one or several patterns to show whether the form, literal meaning, figurative meaning, conceptual metaphor are similar or different.He compares the linguistic expression of conceptual metaphor in two languages of English and Hungarian. He explain that different kind of possibilities or patterns are as follows a. Metaphors of similar mapping conditions and similar lexical implementations. B. Metaphors of similar mapping conditions but different lexical implementations. C. Metaphors of different mapping conditions but similar lexical implementations. D. Metaphors of different mapping conditions and different lexical implementations.AH Hosanna In the criticism of Mandible approach, AH Hosanna(2007) added one scheme, and present three schemas for metaphor translation. . Metaphors with similar mapping condition ( these are cultural universal SSL metaphors) 2. Metaphors have similar mapping condition but lexically implemented in differ ent way( in this category, the ethical system in the TTL and SSL make metaphors different in lexical aspect) 3. Metaphors have different mapping condition( include culture-bound SSL metaphors) AH Hosanna also criticizes the Naiads equivalents.Nadia believes that the translation should create the same response in TTL reader as in the SSL reader. AH Hosanna claims that this equivalence is impossible practically and can be applied only under two notations the translator knows the experience and world view of TTL readership or translator knows the best way to adapt text with experience of TTL readership. Alaska and Johnson(1980) believe that metaphor is not only a linguistic things, but also is perceived in thought and action.So in the cognitive view of metaphor, the psychological, coloratura and linguistic aspects are considered. Another model for metaphor translation is the model of Schaeffer(2004) and Strainers(1993). Their approach is descriptive. The political texts in English and German are compared. Schaffer express five type of metaphor translation. . Manifestation having been accounted for at the micro-level 2. Structural components of the base conceptual schema in the SST are replaced by expression that make entailments explicit. 3. Metaphor is more elaborate in TTT. . SST and TTT employ different metaphorical expressions which can be combined under a more abstract conceptual metaphor. 5. The expression in teeth reflects a They criticize the models of Mandible(1995), Coves(2005), and AH Hosannas(2007). They famed that translation of metaphors in this model is different from mapping condition and lexical implementation. In this model there are six logically possible schemes on a cog native basis. Some English metaphors and their Persian subtitles in 3 American movies (Face off, Con Air, Speed) are considered.These six schemes are as follows 1. Metaphors of similar mapping conditions and similar lexical implementation For example Id like to stand on my ow n two feet exposition to become independent Translation in Persian The word for word translation Id like to stand on my own feet 2. Metaphors of similar mapping conditions but different lexical implementations. For example she is real 10. Definition talented and knowledgeable Translation in Persian The word for word translation she is 20. 3.Metaphors of different mapping conditions but similar lexical implementations. For example he calls his teacher by his first name. Definition to have a friendly relation with Translation in Persian ss Is-a The word for word translation he calls his teacher by his first name. 4. Metaphors of different mapping conditions and different lexical implementations. For example mortal gets the gasohol out here Definition annoying person Translation in Persian The word for word translation somebody get the stick out of here. The SSL metaphor doesnt exist in TTL For example he is a late bloomer There isnt any equivalent in TTL So the TTL speaker use liter al language to explain 6. The TTL metaphor doesnt exist in the SSL (the SSL speaker use literal language, TTL speaker conceptualize an identity in metaphorical structure. Metaphor in Persian poems In Persian poetry, specially the lyric (odes), feeling, thought and situation or even the persons are described by metaphor. There are two reasons for this first of all are the poetic aspects of metaphor the other reason is that it is politically foolish to express feeling explicitly.Different aspects of love and characteristics of honey, nature, wine are described by metaphor. Hafiz employs metaphor to mask his real meaning. He uses code words which do not represent their ordinary meaning. Metaphoric wine wine-coloured is used in Persian poetry either in actual sense or in metaphoric sense. Hafiz sometimes use wine to refer to beloved, friend, teacher or master or God. attar also refers to wine metaphorically as follow 15 Metaphor in describing beloved The beloved often is image of a n idealized abstract entity rather than a physical